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Nothing to fear but fear itself may refer to:

• A famous line used in the inaugural address of Franklin D. Roosevelt
• An episode of The Golden Girls
• A paraphrase of the line "Nothing is terrible except fear itself" from an essay by Sir Francis Bacon
• Used as the opening lyric of The Weapon by Rush, the Canadian Rock Band
• A line in the movie The American Friend
• A song by Oingo Boingo on their album Nothing to Fear

that's what nothing to fear but fear its selfs mean.

The bullfinch (pyrrhula pyrrhula) is similar in coloring to the chaffinch but has a markedly different shape, typified by its "bull" neck such that the head seems to be joined directly to the body. It is a compact bird, portly in shape, with a short bill, rounded shortish wings and a square-shaped tail. Males have a distinctive pinkish-red breast (more deeply colored than the chaffinch) whereas females are more yellowy-pink. The upperparts are grey, darker in the females and lighter in the males, such that the contrast in color is much more marked in male bullfinches. The body coloring reaches to just beneath the eye, with the top of the head being black in both sexes. Males and females also share the white markings on the otherwise dark wings, and a white rump.

In size the bullfinch is slightly smaller than the chaffinch, at around 14-15 centimetres in length (nearly six inches). The song is mainly low-pitched, even mournful in tone, with long warbling notes included in it.


In continental Europe, the bullfinch is a migratory bird, flying south in winter months from its breeding grounds in the coniferous forests of the north. However, it is a resident bird throughout most of the British Isles, the exceptions being the far north and west of Scotland. In Europe, bullfinches are often seen in flocks, but in Britain they are more dispersed, tending to form pairs or small family groups.


In Britain, its preferred habitats include woodland with good ground cover, hedgerows, bushy areas of parks, and large gardens. It is not only the cover provided by these habitats that attracts bullfinches but the food supply, as the adult birds feed almost exclusively on seeds, berries and buds, hardly ever feeding from the ground.


Nest building, by the female, takes place in late April, often in bushes or brambles quite close to the ground. The nest is built from woven twigs, lined with softer material such as hairs and moss. Although the nest-building work is done by the hen bird, the cock will never be far away. The clutch of five eggs is incubated, mainly by the female, for up to 14 days, after which both parents feed the nestlings, mainly on insects, for up to 16 days. The young birds are also brought food by the adults for a few days after they have fledged.


The bullfinch is well-established in the British Isles, although it has been persecuted in the past because of its supposed damage to fruit crops by taking buds early in the season and the ripe fruit later on. It is still on the "amber" list of species that are in danger of tipping into the "red", and thus its conservation status is a cause for some concern.

BILL NAYLOR pens a personal appreciation of this lovely finch and explains why its sperm count is unfortunately so low
AMONG the six species of bullfinch, the Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) is by far the most well-known, and is popular with aviculturists in many countries.
Ten subspecies range across Europe, Asia and Japan. The largest and arguably most handsome, the northern bullfinch (P.p. pyrrhula), has been kept in the UK for more than 100 years and is the most migratory, visiting Britain annually.
An old country name for our resident bullfinch (P. p. pileata) is budfinch, as it is the only British finch to be classed as an agricultural pest. Possessing a longer gut than other finches, it can digest tree buds and eats more of these than any other small European bird.

 

In a foliaged aviary the effects will soon be seen. In the wild, however, it mostly feeds on seeding woodland plants, including violets, nettles, buttercups, dandelion, fat hen, privet, docks, bramble, birch and beech. In Scotland, heather seeds are an important food.

 

In autumn, when plant seeds are scarce, it feeds almost entirely on ash keys. Laboratory tests have proved that trees with the highest fat content are selected, and that when these run low, bullfinches switch to tree buds.

 

Carophyll Red is usually added to captive bullfinch food, to avoid the faded pink look that used to occur with some individuals. Berries eaten by wild bullfinches include rowan (Sorbus), which contain carotenoids that colour the feathers. The northern bullfinch is more dependent on rowan berries and when the berries are scarce, it will migrate in search of them.

 

Bullfinches are very discerning in their predation of fruit trees, and varieties of eating apples are attacked before cooking apples. In Shropshire the bullfinch is sometimes called the plum bird.

 

In spring it will feed on hawthorn and other early flowering shrubs such as Forsythia, and appreciates budding sprigs of these plants in captivity. Sunflower hearts will often entice bullfinches to a bird table.

 

In captivity a sedentary lifestyle, combined with over indulgence on seeds can turn bullfinches into “perch potatoes”. Oil-rich seeds including sunflower, hemp and safflower are believed to shorten their lives, and bring on “gapes”, or “gasping” – terms used to describe wheezing associated with obesity.

 

Most bullfinches are now kept in cages or small flights, and monitoring their diet is important. Bullfinches are notoriously short-lived compared with similar sized finches – five years seems to be the average, although 17 years has been recorded. This suggests that changes to their husbandry may increase longevity.
Wild bullfinches seek dense cover to nest, preferring blackthorn and hawthorn, while generations have been bred in captivity with minimum or even absence of nest cover. Baskets are often provided, because bullfinches’ nest-building ability seems to have waned with domestication.
In the wild when breeding, no territorial behaviour is evident, but captive pairs require separate housing – two males will fight to the death. Bullfinches nest from May to July and earlier attempts in captivity are usually failures.
The four-to-six blue eggs are incubated by the hen for 12-14 days, and fledging takes place at 16-18 days.
In the wild nestlings are initially fed caterpillars, small snails and spiders, with seed being included late. In captivity young have been reared entirely on eggfood, although mini-mealworms are often provided.
The bullfinch’s call is a single plaintive piping sound, uttered loudest when single birds are trying to contact a mate or a colleague. Its other calls have been compared to a squeaky wheelbarrow. Yet for a bird with no natural song, when hand-reared before it fledges, it can be taught to sing a variety of short tunes.
The northern bullfinch is frequently said to have a distinguishing trumpeting contact call. But this only occurs in specific populations in Finland, and came to general attention in 2004 when some of these Finnish bullfinches migrated south.
Bullfinches have the smallest testes of any passerine, which may sound the kind of information only of value in a pub quiz, but it explains why a male bullfinch cannot be used in hybridisation. Similar sized passerines that are promiscuous, have much larger testes, and consequently produce more sperm.
The bullfinch is completely faithful to his mate and his low sperm count is sufficient for his needs, but insufficient to surmount the species barrier and father hybrids.
Did you know?
A cottage industry of singing bullfinches taught with the aid of a flute or whistle sprang up in Germany, and then failed.
The birds were imprinted on men, via their male singing tutors, but when sold to women they refused to perform.
Bullfinches are also known to imitate human speech. In 2004 a national newspaper ran a story of “Butch,” a hand-reared wild bullfinch who could repeat on cue, the phrase, “Who’s a pretty boy.” (Daily Mail, February 12, 2004).

about the finch from to kill a mockingbird.

If you didn't know they don't actually kill a mocking bird cause its a sin to.

The House Finch is a recent introduction from western into eastern North America (and Hawaii), but it has received a warmer reception than other arrivals like the European Starling and House Sparrow. That’s partly due to the cheerful red head and breast of males, and to the bird’s long, twittering song, which can now be heard in most of the neighborhoods of the continent. If you haven’t seen one recently, chances are you can find one at the next bird feeder you come across.


House Finches are small-bodied finches with fairly large beaks and somewhat long, flat heads. The wings are short, making the tail seem long by comparison. Many finches have distinctly notched tails, but the House Finch has a relatively shallow notch in its tail.
                  

Color Pattern

Adult males are rosy red around the face and upper breast, with streaky brown back, belly and tail. In flight, the red rump is conspicuous. Adult females aren’t red; they are plain grayish-brown with thick, blurry streaks and an indistinctly marked face.

Behavior

House Finches are gregarious birds that collect at feeders or perch high in nearby trees. When they’re not at feeders, they feed on the ground, on weed stalks, or in trees. They move fairly slowly and sit still as they shell see

Habitat

House Finches frequent city parks, backyards, urban centers, farms, and forest edges across the continent. In the western U.S., you’ll also find House Finches in their native habitats of deserts, grassland, chaparral, and open woodsds by crushing them with rapid bites. Flight is bouncy, like many finches.

House Finch

Adult male

• Bright orangish red on forehead, throat, and breast
• Brown back and wings
• Thick brown streaking on flanks
• Thick grayish bill

House Finch

Adult female

• Brown and streaked overall
• Plain face
• Thick grayish bill

House Finch

Adult male

• Brownish overall with red forehead, throat, and breast
• Brown back and wings
• Thick brown streaking on flanks
• 

Similar Species

House Finches have blurry grayish streaking on the belly and flanks, unlike either Cassin's Finch or Purple Finches. Female House Finches have a plainer brown head, where female Purple Finches are more strikingly brown and white. Female House Sparrows have light-brown stripes on the back and are unstreaked on the chest and belly. Bill shape is distinctive for House Finches: it's fairly blunt, and rounded, without a sharp tip. Purple and Cassin's finches both have longer, less rounded bills. Pine Siskins are even more streaky than female House Finches, with yellow patches in the wings and a thinner, more pointed bill. Female House Sparrows are warmer brown above and don't have streaked underparts.

Regional Differences

House Finches, particularly males, can look very different from one to another. This is largely due to differences in their diet rather than regional differences. Even though all of eastern North America’s House Finches are descended from the same few birds released on Long Island (meaning they’re much more closely related to each other than they are to birds across the West), there aren’t any strong differences in size, shape, or color between the two regions

Cassin's Finch

Adult male

• Similar to male House Finch
• Red on face is more intense and extends farther towards nape
• Less streaking on sides (finer on flanks)
• Longer, more pointed bill than House Finch
• 

  Cool Facts

  • The House Finch was originally a bird of the western United States and Mexico. In 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on Long Island, New York, after failed attempts to sell them as cage birds (“Hollywood finches”). They quickly started breeding and spread across almost all of the eastern United States and southern Canada within the next 50 years.
  • The total House Finch population across North America is staggering. Scientists estimate between 267 million and 1.4 billion individuals.
  • House Finches were introduced to Oahu from San Francisco sometime before 1870. They had become abundant on all the major Hawaiian Islands by 1901.
  • The red of a male House Finch comes from pigments contained in its food during molt (birds can’t make bright red or yellow colors directly). So the more pigment in the food, the redder the male. This is why people sometimes see orange or yellowish male House Finches. Females prefer to mate with the reddest male they can find, perhaps raising the chances they get a capable mate who can do his part in feeding the nestlings.
  • House Finches feed their nestlings exclusively plant foods, a fairly rare occurrence in the bird world. Many birds that are vegetarians as adults still find animal foods to keep their fast-growing young supplied with protein.
  • The oldest known House Finch was 11 years, 7 months old.
• House Finches are familiar birds of human-created habitats including buildings, lawns, small conifers, and urban centers. In rurual areas, you can also find House Finches around barns and stables. In their native range in the West, House Finches live in natural habitats including dry desert, desert grassland, chaparral, oak savannah, streamsides, and open coniferous forests at elevations below 6,000 feet.
• House Finches eat almost exclusively plant materials, including seeds, buds and fruits. Wild foods include wild mustard seeds, knotweed, thistle, mulberry, poison oak, cactus, and many other species. In orchards, House Finches eat cherries, apricots, peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, blackberries, and figs. At feeders they eat black oil sunflower over the larger, striped sunflower seeds, millet, and milo.
• A House Finch’s nest is a cup made of fine stems, leaves, rootlets, thin twigs, string, wool, and feathers, with similar, but finer materials for the lining. Overall width of the nest is 3-7 inches, with the inside cup 1-3 inches across and up to 2 inches deep.
  

  Nest Placement

  
  Tree

  House Finches nest in a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees as well as on cactus and rock ledges. They also nest in or on buildings, using sites like vents, ledges, street lamps, ivy, and hanging planters. Occasionally House Finches use the abandoned nests of other birds.

Ground Forager

A highly social bird, the House Finch is rarely seen alone outside of the breeding season, and may form flocks as large as several hundred birds. House Finches feed mainly on the ground or at feeders or fruiting trees. At rest, they commonly perch on the highest point available in a tree, and flocks often perch on power lines. During courtship, males sometimes feed females in a display that begins with the female gently pecking at his bill and fluttering her wings. The male simulates regurgitating food to the female several times before actually feeding her.

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Conservation

status via IUCN

Least Concern

House Finches are common and they generally benefit from human development. However, populations underwent a steep decline beginning in January 1994 owing to a disease called mycoplasmal conjunctivitis. The disease causes respiratory problems and red, swollen eyes, making them susceptible to predators and adverse weather. House Finch conjunctivitis was first observed at feeders in the Washington, D.C., area. It’s not harmful to humans, but it has spread rapidly through the eastern House Finch population and into the West.

bull·finch

² /ˈbʊlˌfɪntʃ/ Show Spelled [bool-finch] Show IPA

noun

a hedge high enough to impede mounted hunters.

Bullfinch

Although fruit-growers who've suffered from the depredations associated with the bullfinch might concur that its title could be a problem of bullfinch, it's present title, however produced, seems adequately apt, in order for there is something bull-like regarding the thick-set build as well as somewhat pugnacious facet of this bird.

Within character, nevertheless, it does not live up to it's name, for this is one associated with the shyest and most deceptive of birds-so much that, as soon as the observer continues to be alerted through the fluting call, the most common view acquired is of the bird with a noticeable white rump retreating in to the nearest include.

But, where ever there are apples, pears, peaches, walnuts, Japanese quince, forsythia or even gooseberries visible through indoors, eventually, in town or even country, the householder is nearly certain to come with an opportunity to view this good looking bird at near quarters.

Appreciation mingled with exasperation is actually the usual response, but there are several extremists who voluntarily accept the short lived beauty of this kind of visitations, even from the cost of blossom-less bushes and ineffective trees.

However commercial fruit-growers can't afford such higher aesthetic requirements, and no one that has seen the total barrenness of a plum-orchard carrying out a few days' interest from bullfinches within the preceding winter season, can neglect to understand why, such areas, this particular bird is no longer upon the protected checklist.

But great slaughter in fruit-growing places seems to have carried out little to lessen numbers, and also, since the years by which bullfinches become unwanted pests are rarely sequential, it seems not likely that this approach to control may succeed.

It may be thought that many years of widespread bullfinch harm must match with highs in bullfinch populace, and that many years of respite are warning signs of poor reproduction seasons as well as lowered amounts; but this doesn't seem to be the situation.

The plump flower-buds associated with trees and shrubs tend to be apparently another or book diet just resorted in order to when the choice winter meals, the seeds of some favoured types of trees, aren't available. Therefore in the snow-bound winter season of 1962-63, within an area exactly where bullfinches had done a lot damage within the previous winter season, the feared intrusion of the orchard by no means came, and also at first it had been assumed there was not one in the area.

Tell-tale evidence of vacant ash-keys beneath the tree not really two hundred yards aside led to the breakthrough of a every day feeding flock around twenty birds. Just like this meals was almost finished, the unfreeze came as well as exposed a good untouched floor supply of the subsequent most popular seed products, those of sycamore as well as maple. The bumper harvest of apples, pears and apricots followed.

If you watch a bullfinch coping with such large-kernelled tree-seeds the purpose of the specialised heavy bill as well as wide gape gets apparent. The fresh fruit is altered by expenses and language until the toned seed-bearing portion is actually vertical; stress is then utilized, and the encircling envelope breaks; a movie of the heavy tongue, as well as the seed is actually extracted as well as the empty situation ejected.

Bird Details

Haunts: 

In reproduction season forest, large bushes or shrubberies, so long as some thick cover, at the.g. evergreens or even blackthorn thicket, is available. Within winter as well as spring landscapes and orchards, but additionally weedy wastes exactly where it may go with other finches.

Appearance: 

About sparrow-sized, however with stouter body as well as shorter thighs. Both genders recognisable by blackcap, dark, grey-barred wing, really conspicuous whitened rump-patch, and dark tail. Broad, deep however short expenses, and instead flat overhead form user profile that is unshakable. The male offers well demarcated color zones-uniform pale gray back, brick-pink underparts conference black overhead on degree with attention; whiteness of rump highlighted by shiny black associated with tail as well as wing. Common pattern associated with female for male, however duller and fewer clear-cut colours. Youthful lack dark caps, and therefore are altogether browner, however already have special rump, wing as well as tail marks.

Voice: 

The musical, instead plaintive fluting call 'pew-pew' or even 'pew-pew-pew'; soft, however carries nicely. No accurate song, even though slight versions of phone notes might be detected within breeding period.

Food: 

Primarily vegetable; along with seeds as well as buds currently referred to, additionally fond of amalgamated seeds- groundsel, dandelion and plant thistle. Too heavy in order to perch on these types of as goldfinch will, and therefore frequently overlooked whenever feeding on groundsel amongst weed-cover. Young given by regurgitation- bugs, spiders as well as small snails generally present in common mash of seedling and greens. In winter season some fruits eaten, the ones from privet especially.

Nesting: 

Thick thickets or shrubbery of many varieties; favourites tend to be blackthorn, box, philadelphus, snow-berry. Home often relatively flimsy framework of fine sticks, but usually with well-made heavy cup of proper root-fibres with occasionally a little locks. Eggs greenish-blue, along with spots as well as streaks associated with purplish-brown, mainly from big finish. Two broods are normally elevated each period.

 

Here in Maycomb, Alabama, many people visit the Alabama River Heritage Museum. The museum reveals many interesting things from the past about millions and millions of years ago! You can observe all the fossils from the Claiborne Bluff, and some artifacts of the Native Americans.
The "Maycomb Walk" is popular for walking through the county's historic neighborhoods and lake areas.
Here in Maycomb, there is a Historic Walking Tour in Downtown. This self-guided tour is about 1 hour, and you would start at the Old Courthouse.
The Old Courthouse is where people in Maycomb take their trials. Here, is where Tom Robinson's trial was held.

The Old Courthouse where the trials of Maycomb are held. You can see this courthouse on the self-guided tour in downtown.

I am 100% against racism to every race. No one benefits from the racism and in the end, we are all same human beings –why are we harming each other? The world has become a better place compared to before, but racism still does exist in this world. Imagine how peaceful will the world be if there was so racism and we all got along together no matter which race we are.



Essay on Maycomb's Racism and Unfair Trial of Tom Robinson

With close reference to the text, write about racism and prejudice in Maycomb showing why it is impossible for Tom Robinson to get a fair trial. In this essay I will prove why, "Tom (Robinson) was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth," and what reasons there were for his unfair trial in the racist and prejudice Maycomb County. Tom Robinson was accused of raping Mayella Ewell and although of unconvincing evidence he was still put on death row by the racist jury, as they would have done of any other man with dark coloured skin. The time period of the book revolves around the 1930's, a time of great racism in America and is set in the states of the Deep South where prejudicial rights for the whites received great support.
In Maycomb itself racism was rife, and the case of Tom Robinson proves this. All the characters in, 'To Kill A Mockingbird' are racist at some point except for Atticus. It seems that, although the people believe strongly that they are better than the blacks, they do not show this at any point to people of their own race other than their closest family unless they are supposed to, and example of the time to show this is during Tom's trial, 'I said come here, nigger...' when Mayella Ewell is testifying. Evidence of the characters not showing their racist side to one another can be strongly seen in the ladies of Maycomb, such as Aunt Alexandra, Stephanie Crawford and Mrs. Merriweather. 

 

To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, was set in the town of Maycomb, Alabama. It was the 1930's, merely after the Great Depression. There was a lot of segregation and racism of blacks. Many of the families struggled for money. The fortunate people of Maycomb had cars, but most of them still had horses.
The class structure in Maycomb began first with Atticus Finch, then Maudie Atkinson, then The Radleys, then The Cunninghams, then The Ewells, and then the blacks. Above all, Atticus Finch was the most well rounded and respected man in the town. He was a lawyer with two kids and had a positive attitude. His two kids were Jim and Scout Finch. They were both mischievous and adventurous. The most important characters in the novel were Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Tom Robinson was a black man. He was a big man but also hard working and honest. Boo Radley was a lonely man. He was locked away when he got in trouble by the state and was threatened to be sent away. But his father said that Boo would never come out again as long as he didn't get sent away. He didn't hurt anyone but the town seemed to be scared of him.I'd rather you shoot at tin cans in the backyard, but I know you'll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want , if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." This is what Atticus Finch tells his children after they are given air-rifles for Christmas. Uniquely, the title of the classic novel by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird, was taken from this passage. At first glance, one may wonder why Harper Lee decided to name her book after what seems to be a rather insignificant excerpt. After careful study, however, one begins to see that this is just another example of symbolism in the novel. Harper Lee uses symbolism rather extensively throughout this story, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the South during the early twentieth century. Harper Lee's effective use of racial symbolism can be seen by studying various examples from the book. This includes the actions of the children, the racist whites, and the actions of Atticus Finch.

The actions of the children in this novel certainly do have their share of symbolism. For instance, the building of a snowman by Jem and Scout one winter is very symbolic. There was not enough snow to make a snowman entirely out of snow, so Jem made a foundation out of dirt, and then covered it with what snow they had. One could interpret this in two different ways. First of all, the creation of the snowman by Jem can be seen as being symbolic of Jem trying to cover up the black man and showing that he is the same as the white man, that all human beings are virtually the same. Approval of these views is shown by Atticus when he tells Jem, "I didn't know how you were going to do it, but from now on I'll never worry about what'll become of you, son, you'll always have an idea." The fire that night that engulfed Miss Maudie Atkinson's house can be seen as the prejudice of Maycomb County, as the fire melted the snow from the snowman, and left nothing but a clump of mud. The fire depicts the prejudice people of the county saying that blacks and whites are, certainly, not the same. Another way of looking at the symbolism of the snowman would be to say that Jem's combination of mud and snow signifies miscegenation, marriage or sexual relations between persons of different races. The fire at Miss Maudie Atkinson's could, once again, be seen as the prejudice of Maycomb County showing that the mixed child is, in fact, no better than a pure black child, and that the two are, actually, one and the same. Jem and Scout's encounters with Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose are also filled with symbolism. Mrs. Dubose and her insults, which included, "Your father's no better than the niggers and trash he works for!" not only show us her own views, but they also represent the views of the rest of Maycomb County.In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, there was tolerance and intolerance from the people of Maycomb County towards different races. Harper Lee shows us the type of intolerance in the novel. She also shows us signs of hope in the plot and characterization.
There were types of intolerance in the novel that were clearly stated. For an example, there was intolerance between the white and black people. The main quarrel that stands out in my mind is between Mr. Ewell and Tom Robinson's family. Mr. Ewell clearly did not like the black people. This is proven in what he did to Tom. He accused Tom of raping and beating his daughter, Mayella Ewell, when it was actually he. In addition, after they had the trial, Mr. Ewell killed Tom Robinson. He was also hateful towards Tom's wife; threatening her that she had better not walk in front of his house or he would kill her. Another issue of intolerance was towards the Finch family. No one liked them or cared for them in the town because they supported black people. The only people that talked to them were their close neighbors.

pictures of the 1930

pictures of kids learning in the 1930. they are learning how to read . and how to pronounce the words. This used to be what the schools looked like in Alabama.

This is the school jail court house that was used then.This is the courthouse of maycomb county.The Social History Of Maycomb Maycomb is said to have a very ridged social structure. Some people would describe it as a social triangle. In this piece of work I will try to explain that structure using comments made by Jem. At the top of the social pyramid are the people that Jem describes as the normal folk, like themselves and the neighbours. These people would include Miss Stephanie, Mrs Dubose, The Radleys and Miss Maudie.
In the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee, it covers a lot of the social justice issues. The one that stood out to me when I first read the book was the issue of racism in Maycomb, Alabama. Before I started reading the novel, I read a biography of Harper Lee to understand where the novel was coming from. As I predicted, a lot of the characters are alike to her own family and some of the events that happen in this story are based or influenced by true experience she had. She also said herself that the events are based on her childhood experience with her family and neighborhoods –Her father was a lawyer, she was a tomboy, she grew up in Alabama, she was the youngest of 4 siblings, her mother died when Lee was in her 20’s.
Racism is a big issue around the world, towards every race. In the novel, racism towards black people in Maycomb was brought up. In real life, these issues really did exist of still do. Harper Lee’s family also had a black housekeeper like Calpurnia in the novel. During this period of time, black people were still seen as slaves for the white people. In the south, because they lost in the civil war, black people were treated worst than the black people living in the north. Black people were kept under white social and economic control. If a black person/family had any social or economical development, they were seen as a treat back in the days.